Manometría de alta resolución con impedancia para el estudio de la motilidad faríngea y del esfínter esofágico superior: claves para su utilización en el estudio de la fisiopatología de la disfagia orofaríngea / High-resolution manometry with impedance for the study of pharyngeal motility and the upper esophageal sphincter: Keys for its use in the study of the pathophysiology of oropharyngeal dysphagia

La disfagia orofaríngea (DO) es una enfermedad con una alta prevalencia en diferentes fenotipos de pacientes. La manometría de alta resolución faringoesofágica (MARFE) con impedancia (MARFE-I) se ha convertido en los últimos años en una técnica fundamental para el mejor entendimiento de la fisiopatología de las disfunciones de la faringe y del esfínter esofágico superior (EES) en pacientes con DO. Diversos grupos de expertos han propuesto una metodología para la práctica de la MARFE-I y para la estandarización de las diferentes métricas para el estudio de las disfunciones de la motilidad faríngea y del EES basadas en el la cuantificación de 3fenómenos principales: la relajación del EES, la resistencia al flujo a través del EES y la propulsión del bolo a través de la faringe hacia el esófago. De acuerdo a las alteraciones de estas métricas, se proponen 3patrones de disfunción que permiten un abordaje terapéutico específico: a) restricción al flujo del EES con propulsión faríngea normal; b) restricción al flujo del EES con propulsión faríngea inefectiva, y c) contracción faríngea inefectiva con normal relajación del EES. Presentamos una revisión práctica de la metodología y la métrica que emplean los principales grupos de trabajo junto con la descripción de los principales patrones de disfunción de acuerdo con nuestra experiencia para poner de relevancia la utilidad de la MARFE-I en el estudio de la fisiopatología y selección de un tratamiento específico en pacientes con DO. (AU)

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a pathology with a high prevalence in different patient phenotypes. High-resolution pharyngoesophageal manometry (HRPM) with impedance (HRPM-I) has become in recent years a fundamental technique for better understanding the pathophysiology of pharynx and upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) dysfunctions in patients with OD. Various groups of experts have proposed a methodology for the practice of the HRPM-I and for the standardization of the different metrics for the study of pharyngeal motility and UES dysfunctions based on the quantification of 3main phenomena: relaxation of the UES, resistance to flow through the UES and propulsion of the bolo through the pharynx into the oesophagus. According to the alterations of these metrics, 3patterns of dysfunction are proposed that allow a specific therapeutic approach: (a) UES flow restriction with normal pharyngeal propulsión; (b) UES flow restriction with ineffective pharyngeal propulsion, and (c) ineffective pharyngeal contraction with normal relaxation of the UES. We present a practical review of the methodology and metrics used by the main working groups together with the description of the main patterns of dysfunction according to our experience to highlight the usefulness of the HRPM-I in the study of the pathophysiology and selection of a specific treatment in patients with OD. (AU)

High-resolution manometry with impedance for the study of pharyngeal motility and the upper esophageal sphincter: Keys for its use in the study of the pathophysiology of oropharyngeal dysphagia. / Manometría de alta resolución con impedancia para el estudio de la motilidad faríngea y del esfínter esofágico superior: claves para su utilización en el estudio de la fisiopatología de la disfagia orofaríngea.

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a pathology with a high prevalence in different patient phenotypes. High-resolution pharyngoesophageal manometry (HRPM) with impedance (HRPM-I) has become in recent years a fundamental technique for better understanding the pathophysiology of pharynx and upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) dysfunctions in patients with OD. Various groups of experts have proposed a methodology for the practice of the HRPM-I and for the standardization of the different metrics for the study of pharyngeal motility and UES dysfunctions based on the quantification of 3main phenomena: relaxation of the UES, resistance to flow through the UES and propulsion of the bolo through the pharynx into the oesophagus. According to the alterations of these metrics, 3patterns of dysfunction are proposed that allow a specific therapeutic approach: (a) UES flow restriction with normal pharyngeal propulsión; (b) UES flow restriction with ineffective pharyngeal propulsion, and (c) ineffective pharyngeal contraction with normal relaxation of the UES. We present a practical review of the methodology and metrics used by the main working groups together with the description of the main patterns of dysfunction according to our experience to highlight the usefulness of the HRPM-I in the study of the pathophysiology and selection of a specific treatment in patients with OD.

Disfagia orofaríngea y malformaciones anatómicas / Oropharyngeal dysphagia and anatomical malformations

Introducción: La disfagia orofaríngea o dificultad para la deglución puede ser causada por anomalías anatómicas, incluyendo malformaciones óseas cervicales. La evaluación integral y el tratamiento individualizado, que pueden involucrar a varios especialistas, son cruciales para prevenir complicaciones y mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente y su familia. Se presenta un caso clínico que ilustra la relación entre la disfagia orofaríngea y sus complicaciones en un paciente con malformaciones anatómicas craneocervicales y pulmonares. Caso clínico. Niña de 3 años con antecedentes médicos complejos incluyendo malformación congénita ósea cervical que presenta, a raíz de última intervención quirúrgica a ese nivel, episodios recurrentes de neumonía. Dados los antecedentes, se piensa como primera posibilidad diagnóstica etiología aspirativa, constatándose en el estudio disfagia a líquidos, compensable con adaptación de la dieta. A pesar del adecuado tratamiento de la disfagia, la persistencia de los episodios siempre en la misma localización hace replantearse la etiología. La TAC torácica reveló a ese nivel una malformación pulmonar, sometiéndose de forma exitosa a una lobectomía toracoscópica. Actualmente no ha vuelto a presentar neumonías de repetición y gracias al tratamiento por parte de logopeda ha presentado mejoría progresiva de su disfagia. Conclusiones. La disfagia orofaríngea es un síntoma infradiagnosticado. Es imprescindible que se empiece a codificar en informes y registros. Existen herramientas de cribado que nos facilitan su diagnóstico en cualquier nivel asistencial que deberían ser usadas sobre todo en población de riesgo. Requiere reevaluación periódica por ser un síntoma dinámico.(AU)

Introduction: Oropharyngeal dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, may be due to anatomic abnormality, including cervical malformations. A comprehensive assessment and an individualized care, which may include multiple specialists, are crucial in preventing complications and improving the quality of life for both the patient and family. A clinical case is presented that illustrates the relationship between oropharyngeal dysphagia and its complications in a patient with craniocervical and pulmonary malformations. Case report. 3-year-old girl with a complex medical history including congenital cervical bone malformation, who presents with recurrent episodes of pneumonia following her last surgical intervention at that level. Given her medical history, aspirational etiology is considered as first diagnostic possibility with studies confirming dysphagia to liquids, compensable with dietary adaptation. Despite adequate treatment of dysphagia the persistence of episodes, always in the same location, makes us reconsider the etiology. The chest CT revealed a pulmonary malformation at that level and the patient underwent a successful thoracoscopic lobectomy. Currently, she has not had recurrent pneumonia and, thanks to treatment by a speech therapist, she has shown progressive improvement in her dysphagia. Conclusions. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is an underdiagnosed symptom. It is essential we begin to codify it in reports and records. There are screening tools to facilitate the diagnosis at any level of health care that should be used especially in at risk population. It requires periodic reevaluation as it is a dynamic symptom.(AU)

Disfagia en pacientes intervenidos de atresia de esófago: valoración con una escala funcional / Dysphagia in patients undergoing esophageal atresia surgery: Assessment using a functional scale

Introducción: La disfagia se define como dificultad en el procesode alimentación. Hasta un 84% de pacientes intervenidos de atresia deesófago tienen disfagia más allá del periodo neonatal.Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de serie de casos intervenidos por atresia de esófago 2005-2021. Se utilizó la escala FOIS(Functional Oral Intake Scale) para cuantificar la disfagia en 4 gruposde edad (menores de 1 año, 1-4 años, 5-11 años y mayores de 11 años).Se consideró disfagia cualquier valor de FOIS < 7 o síntomas de atragantamiento, impactación o aversión alimentaria.Resultados: Se obtuvieron datos de 63 pacientes. El 74% (47/63)presentó disfagia durante el seguimiento. La prevalencia fue del 50%< 1 año (media FOIS 4.32), 77% 1-4 años (media FOIS 5.61), 45% 5-11años (media FOIS 5.87) y 38% > 11 años (media FOIS 6.8). Las causasmás frecuentes de disfagia fueron la estenosis, que presentó un 38% delos pacientes (n= 24) y el reflujo gastroesofágico (n= 18), que presentóa su vez un 28% de los pacientes. Ambas condiciones se asociaron conunos valores medios de FOIS significativamente menores (p< 0,05) enlos pacientes menores de 11 años. Se encontraron diferencias (p< 0,05)en factores perinatales asociados a disfagia en los distintos periodosde edad, a destacar mayor tiempo medio de: asistencia ventilatoria,nutrición parenteral e ingreso hospitalario. Conclusiones: La disfagia es un síntoma extremadamente frecuentea cualquier edad en los pacientes intervenidos de atresia de esófago. Unseguimiento estandarizado y multidisciplinar es esencial para mejorarla calidad de vida de estos pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Dysphagia is defined as difficulty swallowing. Up to84% of patients undergoing esophageal atresia surgery have dysphagiabeyond the neonatal period. Materials and methods: A retrospective study of patients undergoing esophageal atresia surgery from 2005 to 2021 was carried out. TheFunctional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) was used to assess dysphagia in 4age groups (< 1 year old, 1-4 years old, 5-11 years old, and 11 years old). FOIS scores < 7 or symptoms of choking, impaction, or food aversionwere regarded as dysphagia. Results: 63 patients were analyzed. 74% (47/63) had dysphagiaduring follow-up. Prevalence was 50% in patients < 1 year old (FOISmean 4.32), 77% in patients aged 1-4 (FOIS mean 5.61), 45% in patientsaged 5-11 (FOIS mean 5.87), and 38% in patients > 11 years old (FOISmean 6.8). The most frequent causes of dysphagia were stenosis, whichoccurred in 38% of the patients (n=24), and gastroesophageal reflux(n=18), which was present in 28% of the patients. Both conditions wereassociated with significantly lower mean FOIS scores (p< 0.05) in thepatients under 11 years of age. Differences (p< 0.05) were found in thedysphagia-associated perinatal factors in the various age groups, withlonger ventilation assistance times, parenteral nutrition, and hospital stays. Conclusions: Dysphagia is an extremely frequent symptom at anygiven age in patients undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. A standardized, cross-disciplinary follow-up is key to improve quality of life.(AU)

Evaluación holística semipresencial de la disfagia orofaríngea en el marco de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud: optimizar la valoración para mejorar el tratamiento rehabilitador / Holistic semi-presential evaluation of oropharygeal dysphagia with the framework of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Optimizing evaluation to improve rehabilitation treatment

Inrtroducción: La disfagia orofaríngea puede comportar complicaciones médicas, y una disminución de la calidad de vida. Aunque existe una amplia diversidad de procedimientos instrumentales y clínicos para valorarla, el consenso para su valoración holística es todavía insuficiente o poco detallado. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el diseño de un modelo de exploración holística de la disfagia orofaríngea que tenga en cuenta los componentes de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud (CIF) y que se pueda realizar tanto en modalidad presencial como semipresencial utilizando herramientas de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC). Material y métodos: Se realiza una revisión no sistemática de la literatura con el fin de seleccionar las herramientas de valoración de la disfagia orofaríngea validadas y con mayor grado de recomendación. Estas herramientas se analizan por un grupo de expertos en disfagia del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau de Barcelona para diseñar un modelo de exploración holística. Resultados: Este modelo de evaluación incluye una valoración al inicio y otra al final del tratamiento, así como un seguimiento continuo durante el proceso de rehabilitación. Se implementa de forma semipresencial y multidisciplinar con la finalidad de comprender la disfagia orofaríngea holísticamente para diseñar y monitorizar un plan terapéutico individualizado. Conclusiones: La evaluación de la disfagia orofaríngea debe ubicarse en el marco biopsicosocial propuesto por la CIF. La aplicación de las TIC en las intervenciones semipresenciales lo facilitan.(AU)

Introduction: Oropharyngeal dysphagia can lead to medical complications and decreased quality of life. Although there is a wide diversity of instrumental and clinical procedures to assess it, consensus for its holistic evaluation is scarce and poorly defined. The objective of this article is to present the design of a model for the holistic examination of oropharyngeal dysphagia that takes into account the components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and that can be carried out both face to face and semi-presentially using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools. Material and methods: A non-systematic review of the literature is carried out in order to select validated oropharyngeal dysphagia assessment tools with the highest degree of recommendation. These tools are analyzed by a group of experts in oropharyngeal dysphagia from the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau in Barcelona to design a holistic exploration model. Results: This evaluation model includes an assessment at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, as well as continuous monitoring during the rehabilitation process. It is implemented in a semi-presential and multidisciplinary way, and its purpose is to understand oropharyngeal dysphagia holistically to design and monitor an individualized therapeutic plan. Conclusions: The evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia should be within the biopsychosocial framework proposed by the ICF. The application of ICT in blended interventions facilitates this.(AU)

[Holistic semi-presential evaluation of oropharygeal dysphagia with the framework of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Optimizing evaluation to improve rehabilitation treatment]. / Evaluación holística semipresencial de la disfagia orofaríngea en el marco de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud: optimizar la valoración para mejorar el tratamiento rehabilitador.

INTRODUCTION: Oropharyngeal dysphagia can lead to medical complications and decreased quality of life. Although there is a wide diversity of instrumental and clinical procedures to assess it, consensus for its holistic evaluation is scarce and poorly defined. The objective of this article is to present the design of a model for the holistic examination of oropharyngeal dysphagia that takes into account the components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and that can be carried out both face to face and semi-presentially using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A non-systematic review of the literature is carried out in order to select validated oropharyngeal dysphagia assessment tools with the highest degree of recommendation. These tools are analyzed by a group of experts in oropharyngeal dysphagia from the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau in Barcelona to design a holistic exploration model. RESULTS: This evaluation model includes an assessment at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, as well as continuous monitoring during the rehabilitation process. It is implemented in a semi-presential and multidisciplinary way, and its purpose is to understand oropharyngeal dysphagia holistically to design and monitor an individualized therapeutic plan. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia should be within the biopsychosocial framework proposed by the ICF. The application of ICT in blended interventions facilitates this.

Impact of dysphagia and malnutrition on the survival of hospitalized patients.

INTRODUCTION: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) and malnutrition (MN) are highly prevalent among hospitalized patients, with significant clinical repercussions. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence, survival and factors associated with OD and MN in hospitalized patients with a high risk of OD. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study with 82 patients aged ≥70 years and with the possibility of oral feeding admitted in 4 services of a third level hospital during 3 months. The Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 test (NRS-2002) was performed to detect nutritional risk and the volume-viscosity screening test (V-VST) for OD evaluation. Data were collected on the clinical suspicion of OD, days of hospital stay, the number of readmissions and other socio-demographic data. RESULTS: 50.6% had OD and 51.9% MN. In 48.8%, there was underdiagnosis of OD. The median number of days of admission was higher among patients with MN (19.5 days vs 13 days, p = 0.02). Of the total readmissions, 70.8% had MN compared to 29.2% that did not (p = 0.03). Survival among patients who did not survive one year after admission was lower when OD was given (Sig. = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the population studied has OD, as well as DN, which increases the rate of readmission and decreases survival at the year of admission. Although there are specific screening methods, their use is not widespread, making it difficult to diagnose OD and its therapeutic intervention.

Valoración de la implantación de un programa de disfagia en una unidad de recuperación funcional / Assessment of the implementation of a dysphagia program at the functional recovery unit

Introducción: La disfagia se presenta cuando se produce una dificultad para la preparación o la contención bucal de los alimentos o los líquidos, con o sin dificultad para iniciar con seguridad la deglución o la propulsión del bolo a través de la faringe. Sus principales complicaciones son malnutrición, deshidratación y neumonía. El 80% de los ciudadanos europeos no están diagnosticados ni reciben tratamiento. Objetivos: Conocer las características de los pacientes afectados con disfagia en una unidad de recuperación funcional, y evaluar la educación dada a estos pacientes y a sus cuidadores. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal que tuvo como muestra a pacientes con sospecha de disfagia ingresados entre el período del 1 de febrero de 2019 al 31 de enero de 2020. La valoración se llevó a cabo mediante una revisión previa de la historia clínica, entrevista, exploración detallada y la realización del MECV-V. Tras su confirmación se llevaron a cabo cuidados dietéticos, cuidados bucales, posturales y educativos. Resultados: De los 101 pacientes valorados, un 87,1% presentaron disfagia orofaríngea. Se diagnosticó un 46,59% con disfagia leve, un 39,77% moderada y un 13,64% grave. Un 80,6% fue tratado por la logopeda. La educación realizada a los cuidadores se realizó en un 94,3% de los casos. Se revaluó un 13,6%, y todos presentaron mejoría. Conclusiones: La frecuente presencia de disfagia en pacientes con edad avanzada hace necesaria la implantación de programas para su valoración y tratamiento, con ellos se mejora la calidad asistencial y se previenen importantes complicaciones (AU)

Introduction: Dysphagia presents itself when there is difficulty in the preparation or management of food or liquids, with or without difficulty safely initiating swallowing or propulsion of the bolus through the pharynx. Its main complications are malnutrition, dehydration and pneumonia. 80% of European citizens are not diagnosed nor receive any treatment. Objectives: Understand the characteristics of patients affected with dysphagia in a functional recovery unit, and evaluate the training given to such patients and their care providers. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study showing patients with suspected dysphagia, attended between the period February 1st, 2019and January 31st, 2020. The evaluation was carried out through a previous review of the patient’s medical records, interviews, detailed tests and execution of the MECV-V. Once all information was gathered, adequate dietary, oral, postural and training care were carried out. Results: Of the 101 patients assessed, 87.1% had oropharyngeal dysphagia. 46.59%of those were diagnosed with mild dysphagia, whilst 39.77% were moderate and 13.64% severe. 80.6% were treated by the center’s speech therapist. The training given for care providers was completed in 94.3% of cases. It was re-evaluated for 13.6%, all showing improvement. Conclusions: The frequent presence of dysphagia in elderly patients makes it necessary to implement programs for their evaluation and treatment, which would improve the quality of care and prevent significant complications afterwards (AU)

Caracterización de pacientes hospitalizados con sospecha de disfagia en el Hospital San Camilo de San Felipe, Chile / Characterization of hospitalized patients with suspected dysphagia at Hospital San Camilo, San Felipe

Resumen Introducción: El trastorno de la deglución, se denomina disfagia y presenta como complicaciones fundamentales la deshidratación, desnutrición y neumonía por aspiración, situaciones que condicionan desfavorablemente el estado de salud, incrementando la morbimortalidad. En Chile, existen escasas publicaciones a la fecha que den cuenta de antecedentes clínicos que permitan describir a los pacientes con sospecha de disfagia. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados con sospecha de disfagia en el Hospital San Camilo de San Felipe, Chile. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo de 767 registros de pacientes, entre los años 2017 y 2019. Se revisó información demográfica y antecedentes clínicos. Para variables cualitativas, se utilizaron proporciones y distribuciones frecuenciales, para variables cuantitativas, se usaron medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: El 58,54% de los pacientes era de sexo masculino y el 79,4% correspondió a personas mayores (79,4%). Las patologías neurológicas representaron el diagnóstico de ingreso más frecuente (61,93%). El 14,73% presentó antecedentes de intubación endotraqueal, el 8,34% tenía traqueostomía y el 84,09% era edéntulo parcial o total. En la evaluación con alimentos, las degluciones múltiples y la presencia de tos correspondieron a las alteraciones de eficacia y seguridad más frecuentes. En el 82,01% se diagnosticó disfagia y la mayoría de etiología neurogénica (68,45%). Conclusión: El presente estudio permitió conocer las características clínicas de los pacientes con sospecha de disfagia hospitalizados. En este contexto los pacientes extubados, traqueostomizados y las personas mayores con trastornos neurológicos o patologías respiratorias se presentan como potenciales candidatos para la evaluación de deglución.

Abstract Introduction: The swallowing disorder is called dysphagia and presents complications such as dehydration, malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia, situations that unfavorably condition the state of health, increasing morbidity and mortality. In Chile, there are few publications to date that provide an account of clinical history that allow the description of patients with suspected dysphagia. Aim: To describe the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with suspected dysphagia at Hospital San Camilo de San Felipe, Chile. Material and Method: Descriptive study of 767 patient records, between the years 2017 and 2019. Demographic information and clinical history were reviewed. For qualitative variables, proportions and frequency distributions were used, for quantitative variables, measures of central tendency were used. Results: 58.54% of the patients were male and 79.4% corresponded to elderly people (79.4%). Neurological pathologies represented the most frequent admission diagnosis (61.93%). 14.73% had a history of endotracheal intubation, 8.34% had a tracheostomy, and 84.09% were partial or total edentulous. In the evaluation with food, multiple swallows and the presence of cough corresponded to the most frequent alterations in efficacy and safety. In 82.01%, dysphagia was diagnosed and the majority of neurogenic etiology (68.45%). Conclusion: The present study allowed us to describe the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with suspected dysphagia. In this context, extubated, tracheostomized patients and the elderly with neurological disorders or respiratory pathologies are presented as potential candidates for swallowing evaluation.

Body composition by bioelectrical impedance, muscle strength, and nutritional risk in oropharyngeal dysphagia patients.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) has complications such as malnutrition and dehydration. Body composition is an important factor for nutritional status. Objective: to evaluate the presence of cachexia, phase angle, muscle strength, and nutritional risk according to the type of feeding regimen tolerated by patients, determined with the volume-viscosity swallow test (V-VST). Methods: this cross-sectional study included hospitalized adults of both sexes with a diagnosis of OD established by the Eating Assessment Tool and V-VST. Nutritional risk status was assesed using the Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 tool. Phase angle and cachexia were determined through bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), and functional capacity through handgrip strength (HGS) and anthropometric parameters. Results: seventy-nine patients with a median age of 73 years (56-79 yrs) were included; 79.9 % of patients were categorized at nutritional risk. According to the V-VST, 27 (34.2 %) patients tolerated nectar viscosity; 27 (34.2 %) belonged to the spoon-thick and 25 (31.6 %) to the exclusive tube feeding groups. In the exclusive tube feeding group a lower phase angle (3.7° ± 0.9) and lower HGS of 9 kg (5-15) were observed in comparison to the nectar and spoon-thick groups (in both, 4.6° ± 1.1, p = 0.005), which featured 20 kg (16-31) and 19 kg (14-26), respectively (p = 0.03). Conclusion: nutritional risk was present in 79.9 % of the study population. BIVA allows to evaluate the integrity of muscle mass and tissue hydration, both related to phase angle. A lower phase angle and HGS were observed in the exclusive tube feeding group. These factors are considered important for prognosis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la disfagia orofaríngea (DO) tiene complicaciones tales como la desnutrición y la deshidratación. La composición corporal es un factor importante en el estado nutricional. Objetivo: evaluar la presencia de caquexia, el ángulo de fase (AF), la fuerza muscular y el riesgo nutricional según el tipo de alimentación tolerado por los pacientes de acuerdo con la prueba de exploración clínica del volumen-viscosidad (MECV-V). Material y métodos: estudio transversal de pacientes hospitalizados, con DO determinada por el tamiz Eating Assessment Tool y la MECV-V. El riesgo nutricional se evaluó con la herramienta Nutritional Risk Screening-2002. La composición corporal se determinó mediante impedancia eléctrica y la fuerza de prensión por dinamometría, entre otros parámetros antropométricos. Resultados: se incluyeron 79 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 73 años (56-79 años). El 79,9 % de los pacientes presentaban riesgo nutricional. Según el MECV-V, 27 (34,2 %) toleraron la viscosidad néctar y 27 (34,2 %) la viscosidad puré, y 25 (31,6 %) requirieron alimentación exclusiva por sonda. En el grupo de alimentación por sonda se observaron un AF menor (3,7° ± 0,9) y una fuerza de presión más baja de 9 kg (5-15) en comparación con los grupos de néctar y puré (en los dos parámetros: 4,6° ± 1,1, p = 0,005), con 20 kg (16-31) y 19 kg (14-26) (p = 0,03), respectivamente. Conclusión: la impedancia eléctrica permite evaluar la integridad y la hidratación de los tejidos, ambas relacionadas con el AF. Se observó que el AF y la fuerza de prensión fueron menores en el grupo con nutrición exclusiva por sonda. Estos factores se consideran importantes para el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Presbifagia Una mirada a los procesos de alimentación y deglución en los adultos mayores / Presbyphagia A look at feeding and swallowing processes in older adults

Introducción: El proceso de envejecimiento, al igual que en todo el organismo, genera una serie de cambios en las estructuras estomatognáticas, y estos cambios morfológicos, característicos en el mecanismo de la deglución en sujetos sanos de edad avanzada caracterizan a la Presbifagia. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis crítico-reflexivo en torno a la conceptualización desde las diversas ópticas de los autores que exponen el fenómeno, con el fin de abrir la discusión dirigida a establecer un lenguaje unificado en pro de dirigir las acciones fonoaudiológicas hacia las áreas de promoción de la salud de la función deglutoria y prevención de la disfagia esta población. Metodología: Se seleccionaron, por conveniencia, artículos y capítulos de libros de especialidad publicados en la última década, que abordan las alteraciones deglutorias en adultos mayores, para comparar similitudes y diferencias en la forma de abordar el fenómeno. Resultados: Se evidencia que, pese al exponencial progreso de la disciplina, no existe consenso conceptual entre los especialistas al momento de hacer referencia a los cambios anatomofuncionales de la biomecánica deglutoria y la transición de la presbifagia a la disfagia en los adultos mayores. Discusión: Una interesante discusión se genera en torno a la presbifagia y los parámetros de seguridad, efectividad, competencia y confortabilidad, dado que los cambios neurológicos-estructurales son frecuentes en la tercera edad, los cuales acarrean diversas consecuencias, desde grados leves a severos, que impactan de forma diferenciada en los indicadores que habitualmente se describen en la clínica. Sin embargo, la conceptualización utilizada no es clara al realizar una distinción entre un estado transicional o de afección. Conclusión: Los cambios en el envejecimiento deben seguir siendo estudiados desde las diferentes concepciones para comprender mejor los fenómenos neurofisiológicos y anatómicos que se originan entorno a la Presbifagia.

Introduction: The aging process, as in the whole organism, generates a series of changes in the stomatognathic structures, and these morphological changes, characteristic of the swallowing mechanism in healthy elderly subjects, characterize Presbyphagia. Objective: To carry out a critical-reflective analysis around the conceptualization from the different perspectives of the authors who expose the phenomenon, in order to open the discussion aimed at establishing a unified language in favor of directing speech therapy actions towards the areas of promotion of the health of the swallowing function and prevention of dysphagia in this population. Methodology: Articles and chapters of specialty books published in the last decade, which address swallowing disorders in older adults, were selected for convenience in order to compare similarities and differences in the way of approaching the phenomenon. Results: It is evident that, despite the exponential progress of the discipline, there is no conceptual consensus among specialists when referring to anatomical and functional changes in swallowing biomechanics and the transition from presbyophagia to dysphagia in older adults. Discussion: An interesting discussion is generated around presbyphagia and the parameters of safety, effectiveness, competence and comfort, given that neurological-structural changes are frequent in the elderly, which carry various consequences, from mild to severe degrees. that have a differentiated impact on the indicators that are usually described in the clinic. However, the conceptualization used is not clear when making a distinction between a transitional state or a state of affection. Conclusion: Changes in aging must continue to be studied from different conceptions to better understand the neurophysiological and anatomical phenomena that originate around Presbyphagia.

Morbimortalidad asociada a la disfagia en pacientes ingresados en un hospital general universitario

RESUMEN Introducción: La disfagia tiene una morbimortalidad importante en pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivos: principal; describir las características de los pacientes con disfagia hospitalizados y, secundarios; cuantificar y analizar la prevalencia de mortalidad y de reingresos. Metodología: Estudio transversal descriptivo de las hospitalizaciones por disfagia durante el año 2015 en un Hospital General Universitario. Resultados: Se evaluaron 431 historias clínicas. La edad de los pacientes fue de 83,21 (DE 11,4) años, el 52,5% fueron mujeres y el 47,2% varones; la estancia media fue de 11,1 (DE 7,99) días. En el 71,2 % de los casos la disfagia fue por afectación de la fase orofaríngea. En el 80,51% de los casos se diagnosticaron complicaciones respiratorias: 48,12% neumonía aspirativa por líquidos, 40,05 % neumonitis química por aspiración y 11,81% neumonía aspirativa por sólidos. La mortalidad general asociada a las complicaciones respiratorias respecto del total de los casos de disfagia fue del 24,49%. El 50,48% de los pacientes con neumonía aspirativa fallecieron. La principal causa de la disfagia fue las enfermedades neurológicas (un 77,25%). La mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres - 42,3% frente al 7,8% - (p < 0,01) y esta diferencia se mantuvo tras ajustar el resultado por edad: OR 9,937, IC95%: 5,446; 18,131. El 13,10% de los pacientes reingresaron al menos en una ocasión. Los pacientes de geriatría presentaron un mayor número de reingresos por número de ingresos. Discusión: las enfermedades neurológicas fueron la principal causa de disfagia. La mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dysphagia is an important associated morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patient. Objectives: Main; to describe the characteristics of patients admitted for dysphagia and secondary; quantify and analyze the prevalence of mortality and readmissions. Methodology: Cross-sectional study descriptive revenues by dysphagia during the year 2015 in a University General Hospital. Results: 431 records were evaluated. The age of the patients was 83,21 (11.4), 52.5% women and 47.2% male; the average stay was 11.1 (7.99) days. In 71,2% of cases the dysphagia was involvement of the oropharyngeal phase. 80.51% of cases were diagnosed respiratory complications. The percentage distribution of these complications were: in 48.12% aspiration pneumonia due to fluids, in 40.05% chemical aspiration pneumonitis and in 11.81% aspiration pneumonia due to solids. The overall mortality associated with respiratory complications compared to the total of cases of dysphagia was 24.49%. 50.48% of patients diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia died. The main cause of dysphagia was neurological diseases (77.25%). Mortality was significantly higher in women - 42.3% of women compared with 7.8% of males - (p < 0.01) and this difference remained after adjusting the result by age: OR 9,937, 95% CI: 5,446; 18,131. 13.10% of patients re-entered at least on one occasion. Patients of geriatric unit that presented in greater number of readmissions by admissions. Discussion: neurological diseases were the main cause of dysphagia. Mortality was significantly higher in women

Grado de severidad de la disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica en el paciente de unidad de cuidado intermedio / Severity degree neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia in the patient of intermediate care unit

Objetivo: Indagar el grado de severidad de la disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica en los pacientes de la unidad de cuidado intermedio, por medio de la escala de severidad de la disfagia de Horacio Cámpora que considera habilidades alimentarias a través de consistencias que puede manejar el paciente realizadas con el Método de Exploración Clínica Volumen ­ Viscosidad (MECV-V). Metodología: El estudio es de tipo exploratorio, no experimental, con un grupo de 32 pacientes con desórdenes neurológicos. Resultado: Se detecta que el grado de severidad de la disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica en los pacientes de la unidad de cuidados intermedios es moderada ­ severa, en la cual la ingesta oral no es exitosa y requiere supervisión constante y asistencia por el fonoaudiólogo. Conclusión: La investigación aporta elocuentemente al abordaje fonoestomatognatico y/o motricidad orofacial, en cuanto a la labor asistencial del fonoaudiólogo en las unidades de cuidados intermedios. (AU)

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the degree of severity of neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients of the intermediate care unit, using Horacio Campora's severity scale for dysphagia. This takes into account eating assestment for patients employing the volume-viscocity swallow test for clinical evaluation (V-VST). Methodology: The study, which is an exploratory research and not experimental, was performed on a group of 32 patients with neurological disorders. Results: A moderate -severe degree of neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia is detected in the patients of the intermediate care unit, where the oral intake of food/liquid is not successful. As a consequence, the patients require the constant assistance and supervision by a speech pathologist and language. Conclusion: The research contributes to the stomatognathic and/or orofacial motricity, regarding the assistance work of speech pathologist and language in the intermediate care unit. (AU)

Manejo hospitalario de la persona mayor con disfagia / Clinical management of elderly with dysphagia

La disfagia es la alteración de la seguridad y eficacia del proceso deglutorio que dificulta el correcto paso del alimento/saliva desde la boca hacia el estómago, lo que aumenta la probabilidad de desnutrición, deshidratación y aspiración pulmonar con un consiguiente empeoramiento del pronóstico[1]. Los cambios en el acto de tragar relacionados con la edad se llaman presbifagia[6], un cuadro altamente prevalente afectando entre 13-30% de las personas mayores autovalentes, e incrementando considerablemente, en contexto de hospitalización, al 30-47% por causas adicionales[7]: mecánicas, neurológicas o iatrogénicas, que potencian las complicaciones o desestabilizan el equilibrio deglutorio. Recientemente la disfagia se considera un síndrome geriátrico[6], lo que conlleva desafíos para el equipo multidisciplinario respecto de prevenir y disminuir efectos adversos[8]. El conflicto principal, es que para el equipo hospitalario resulta un desafío detectar a personas mayores con riesgo aspirativo, por lo que no son identificados a tiempo[6­8]. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer un esquema multidisciplinario de detección de riesgo aspirativo en contexto de hospitalización de la "Unidad Especializada de Cuidado en persona Mayor" (UCAM) de Clínica Las Condes, para lo cual, primero se revisa literatura asociada a disfagia, clasificación reciente, consecuencias, métodos de evaluación recomendados y condiciones específicas, asociadas a riesgo aspirativo y segundo, se definen dos vías junto con Geriatría, Enfermería y Nutrición: 1) Se definen criterios de derivación fonoaudiológica oportunos para evaluación clínica de la deglución, y 2) Método precoz de pesquizaje y evaluación multidisciplinario de disfagia orofaríngea y riesgo aspiratorio.

Dysphagia is the alteration of the safety and efficacy of the swallowing process that prevents the correct transit of food/saliva from the mouth to the stomach, which increases malnutrition, dehydration and pulmonary aspiration and patient's bad prognosis[1]. The changes in the act of swallowing related to age are called presbyophagy[6]. A highly prevalent affect of self-worthy elderly people (between 13-30%), and increasing considerably in hospitalization context (30-47%) for additional causes[7]: mechanical, neurological or iatrogenic, which increases complications or destabilizes swallowing balance. Recently dysphagia it is considered a geriatric syndrome[6], that challenges the multidisciplinary team regarding prevention and reduction of adverse effects related to hospitalization units of elderly people[8]. One of the main tasks of the healthcare team is the early detection of elderly people with aspiration risk. The objective of this article is present a multidisciplinary protocol of EP with dysphagia in the context of hospitalization in the "Specialized care unit for the elderly" (SCUE) of Clínica Las Condes. Initially, literature associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD), recent classification, consequences, recommended evaluation methods and specific conditions associated with were reviewed. Accordingly, two routes are defined with SCUE'team, Speech language pathologist, Geriatrics, Nursing and Nutrition. 1) opportune referral criteria of Speech language pathologist for clinical swallowing evaluation and 2) Early multidisciplinary screening and evaluation method of OD and aspiration risk.

Association of positive screening for dysphagia with nutritional status and long-term mortality in hospitalized elderly patients. / Asociación de un cribado positivo para disfagia con el estado nutricional y la mortalidad a largo plazo en pacientes ancianos hospitalizados.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) using the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) and its association with malnutrition and long-term mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the general internal medicine ward. In the first 48hours after hospital admission, OD was assessed using the EAT-10, and presence of malnutrition with the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF). Association of OD to malnutrition and long-term mortality was analyzed. RESULTS: Ninety patients with a mean age of 83 (SD: 11.8) years were enrolled. Of these, 56.7% were at risk of OD according to EAT-10. This group of patients had greater prevalence rates of malnutrition (88.2% vs. 48.7%; P=.001) and mortality (70% vs 35.9%; P=.001). During follow-up for 872.71 (SD: 642.89) days, risk of DO according to EAT-10 was an independent predictor of mortality factor in a multivariate analysis (HR: 2.8; 95%CI: 1.49-5.28; P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: The EAT-10 is a useful tool for screening OD. Adequate screening for OD is important because of its associated risks of malnutrition and long-term mortality.

Evidências de validades do questionário autorreferido para rastreamento de disfagia orofaríngea em idosos - RaDI / Evidence of validity of the self-reported questionnaire for screening oropharyngeal dysphagia in the elderly - RaDI

No idoso, o momento da alimentação pode estar comprometido em decorrência de um distúrbio de deglutição durante a passagem do alimento pela região oral e faríngea denominado de disfagia orofaríngea (DO). Esta condição de saúde interfere na manutenção de seu estado nutricional e de hidratação, com possibilidades de complicações respiratórias. Reconhecida como síndrome geriátrica por duas importantes comunidades europeias, a DO afeta a autonomia e independência do idoso na realização de suas atividades de vida diária e contribui para o declínio funcional. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar um questionário autorreferido de rastreamento de disfagia orofaríngea em idosos (RaDI). A metodologia da pesquisa deste estudo de validação, não aleatorizado e transversal, seguiu as premissas dos Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing que descrevem o processo de obtenção de evidências baseadas: no conteúdo do teste, nos processos de resposta, na estrutura interna, em relação com outras variáveis (validade convergente, discriminante, de critério e de generalização). A coleta da pesquisa, realizada de março de 2013 a outubro de 2017, em Natal, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, incluiu idosos, a partir de 60 anos, de ambos os sexos e excluiu os com dificuldades funcionais para compreender ordens simples, transtorno psiquiátrico, neurológico, neuromuscular, neurodegenerativo ou rebaixamento cognitivo, perda auditiva, mesmo que utilizassem aparelho de amplificação sonora individual, sem nenhuma alimentação por via oral, que tivessem histórico de câncer de cabeça e pescoço e traqueostomizados. Nas duas primeiras etapas da validação, participaram quatro pesquisadores envolvidos nos temas Deglutição e Envelhecimento Humano, três fonoaudiólogos e um dentista sanitarista que compuseram um painel de experts para avaliar as análises de 32 juízes sobre a primeira versão do RaDI com 17 itens. Após sua reformulação, o questionário foi aplicado na população-alvo em 40 idosos. Ajustado para 14 questões, o instrumento foi administrado em 211 voluntários para realização da análise fatorial confirmatória, em que foi considerado o menor valor do qui-quadrado (2), mesmo se for significativo, qui-quadrado normado, raiz do erro quadrático médio de aproximação (RMSEA), raiz quadrada média ponderada residual (WRMR), índice de ajuste comparativo (CFI) e índice de Tucker Lewis (TLI). Realizado alguns ajustes no modelo, a avaliação de sua validade convergente (n=393) e discriminante (n=110) considerou a análise do coeficiente de Spearman  A confiabilidade do teste-reteste, em 75 idosos, utilizou a correlação intraclasse (CCI), Kappa ponderado, erro de medição do instrumento (SEM) e a menor diferença real (SRD), e a consistência interna, o alfa de Cronbach, dentro do intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: O RaDI foi ajustado em sua estrutura interna no modelo de nove questões 2=45,8, p < 0,05, 2/gl =1,76, RMSEA = 0,06, WRMR = 0,72, CFI = 0,97 e TLI = 0,96), com boa confiabilidade (ICC = 0,83, IC 0,74-0,89, p <0,001; SEM = 2,13; SRD = 5,90), alta consistência interna ( = 0,90) e excelente validade discriminante ( = -0,06; p = 0,6), porém moderada convergente  = 0,43; p<0,001). Conclusões: O RaDI produziu respostas válidas e confiáveis para identificar os sintomas de disfagia orofaríngea em idosos residentes na comunidade (AU).

In older adults, feeding may be compromised as a result of a swallowing disorder during the passage of food through the oral and pharyngeal region called oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). This health condition interferes with the maintenance of their nutritional and hydration status, with the possibility of respiratory complications. Recognized as a geriatric syndrome by two important European Communities, OD affects the autonomy and independence of older adults in carrying out their daily life activities and contributes to functional decline. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a self-reported questionnaire screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia in older people (RaDI). The methodology of this non-randomized, cross-sectional validation study was performed by the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, which describe the process of obtaining evidence based on test content, response processes, internal structure, with other variables (convergent validity, discriminant, criterion, and generalization). The data were collected from March 2013 to October 2017, in Natal city of the Rio Grande do Norte state, included older adults, aged 60 and older, of both sexes, and excluded those with functional difficulties to understand simple orders, with hearing loss, even they used individual sound-amplifier apparatus, no oral feeding, history of head and neck cancer and were undergoing to tracheostomy. In the first two stages of validation, four researchers involved in the issues of swallowing and aging, three speech pathologists and a sanitary dentist participated in a panel of experts to evaluate the analyzes of 32 judges on the first version of RaDI with 17 items. After its reformulation, the questionnaire was applied to the target population in 40 older people. Adjusted to 14 questions, the instrument were applied in 211 elders to perform the confirmatory factor analysis, by lower chi-square value (2), even if it is significant, normed chi-square, root of the mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), weighted root mean square residual (WRMR), comparative fit index (CFI) e Tucker Lewis index (TLI). After some adjustments in the model, the evaluation of its convergent validity (n = 393) and discriminant (n = 110) considered the analysis of the Spearman coefficient . The reliability of the test-retest in 75 older subjects, was achieved by intraclass correlation coeficient (ICC), weighted Kappa, standard error of measurement (SEM) and the smallest real difference (SRD), and the internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha with the 95% of confidence interval. Results: RaDI was adjusted in its internal structure to nine questions model 2 = 45,81, p < 0,05, 2/gl =1,76, RMSEA = 0,06, WRMR = 0,72, CFI = 0,97 e TLI = 0,96), with good reliability (ICC = 0,83, IC 0,74-0,89, p <0,001; SEM =02,13; SRD = 5,90) and high internal consistency ( = 0,90) and excellent discriminant ( = -0,06; p = 0,6) but moderate convergent validity  = 0,43; p<0,001). Conclusions: RaDI produced valid and reliable responses to identify the oropharyngeal dysphagia symptoms in community-dwelling older people (AU).

[Oropharyngeal dysphagia associated with Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia J]. / Disfagia orofaringea asociada a malformación de Chiari tipo I y siringomielia.

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia associated with neurological disease is an important clinical manifestation in the diagnosis of injury that justifies the compression of the brainstem and lower cranial nerves. OBJECTIVE: To emphasize the study of dysphagia in a patient with Chiari I malformation associated with syringomyelia in the absence of primary gastroenterological symptoms. CLINICAL CASE: We describe the case of a 62 year-old woman with oropharyngeal dysphagia of six years of evolution, cervicobrachialgia, ptosis and facial diplexia. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance imaging is an essential element for establishing the etiologic diagnosis of neurogenic dysphagia.

Antecedentes: la disfagia con afección neurológica constituye un dato clínico significativo en el diagnóstico de lesiones que justifiquen la compresión del tronco cerebral y los nervios craneales bajos. Objetivo: destacar la importancia del estudio de la disfagia en una paciente con malformación de Chiari tipo I y siringomielia, sin síntomas gastroenterológicos primarios. Caso clínico: se comunica el caso de una mujer de 62 años de edad con disfagia orofaríngea de seis años de evolución, cervicobraquialgia, ptosis palpebral y diplejía facial. Conclusiones: el estudio por resonancia magnética constituye un elemento fundamental para establecer el diagnóstico causal de la disfagia neurogénica.

Experiencia en la evaluación diagnóstica y terapéutica de la disfagia orofaríngea y esofágica en niños / Experience in diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia in children

Introducción: La disfagia puede ser a nivel orofaríngeo o esofágico debido a trastornos estructurales o funcionales. Su abordaje diagnóstico y tratamiento evita la desnutrición y el riesgo de aspiración. Objetivo: reportar la experiencia en la evaluación diagnóstica y tratamiento en niños con disfagia orofaríngea y esofágica. Pacientes y método: estudio descriptivo y transversal, de 49 niños con disfagia, durante dos años. Protocolo de estudio: historia clínica, patologías asociadas, estudio radiológico, endoscopia, nasolaringoscopia-videodeglutoscopia, terapia deglutoria, videofluoroscopia, manometría y ph-metría esofágica y tratamiento indicado. Resultados: 20(40,82%) hembras y 29(59,18%) varones. Edad promedio 2,56 años (rango: 1m-16 años). El 46,93% presentó trastornos neurológicos como patología asociada. El 65,31% con disfagia a sólidos y 34,69% a líquidos, otros síntomas: vómitos, regurgitaciones y reflujo faringo-nasal. Posterior a la evaluación y estudios se encontró: disfagia orofaríngea 25/49(51,02%), de origen funcional en 22/25(88%) y mecánica 3(12%); disfagia esofágica 13/49(26,53%), mecánica en 1/13(7,69%) y funcional en 12/13(92,30%) de los cuales 6 con dismotilidad inespecífica y 4 asociada a esofagitis; disfagia mixta 11(22,44%). Evaluación nutricional fue requerida en 65,30%, se indicó nutrición por sonda de alimentación en 21 niños, por gastrostomía endoscópica en 4 y cambio en la consistencia de los alimentos en 7. Dilatación esofágica por estenosis congénita en un caso y por acalasia esofágica en 2. Terapia deglutoria en 71,42%. Conclusiones: la evaluación integral del niño con disfagia orofaríngea y esofágica es fundamental para identificar la causa e indicar el tratamiento específico con apoyo nutricional, procedimientos endoscópicos y terapia deglutoria.

Introduction: Dysphagia can be oropharyngeal or esophageal level due to structural or functional disorders. Its diagnosis and treatment approach prevents malnutrition and the risk of aspiration. Objective: To report our experience in the diagnostic evaluation and treatment for children with oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia. Patients and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, 49 children with dysphagia, for two years. Study protocol: clinical history, associated diseases, radiographs, endoscopy, Nasolaryngoscopy-videodeglutoscopia therapy, swallowing, videofl uoroscopy, manometry and esophageal pHmetry and appropriate treatment. Results: 20 (40.82%) females and 29 (59.18%) males. Average age 2.56 years (range: 1m-16 years). The 46.93% had neurological disorders and associated diseases. The 65.31% with dysphagia to solids and 34.69% for liquids, other symptoms: vomiting, regurgitation and nasal pharyngeal reflux. After the evaluation and studies found: Oropharyngeal Dysphagia 25/49 (51.02%) of functional origin in 22/25 (88%) and mechanical 3 (12%) Esophageal Dysphagia 13/49 (26.53% ) mechanical 1/13 (7.69%) and functional in 12/13 (92.30%) of which 6 and 4 with dysmotility associated nonspecifi c oesophagitis Mixed Dysphagia 11 (22.44%). Nutritional assessment was required to 65.30%, is indicated feeding tube 21 feeding children endoscopic gastrostomy 4 and change in the consistency of food at 7. Dilatation Congenital esophageal stenosis in one case and two esophageal achalasia. Swallowing therapy in 71.42%. Conclusions: The evaluation of the child with oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia is essential to identify the cause and indicate the specifi c treatment with nutritional support and therapeutic endoscopic procedures swallowing.

[Relationship between dysphagia and malnutritition in patients over 65 years of age]. / Malnutrición asociada a disfagia orofaríngea en pacientes mayores de 65 años ingresados en una unidad médico-quirúrgica.

AIMS: The main objective of this study was to understand the relationship between oropharyngeal dysphagia, nutritional risk factors and functional impairment in the elderly (>65y) admitted to a medical-surgical hospital unit. Secondary objectives were to determine the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia, the nutritional status and their functional capacity. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was performed. It included patients over 65 years of age admitted to the Gastroenterology-Urology Department in La Princesa University Hospital (Madrid, Spain) during the months of February and March. The following variables were recorded: age, sex, body mass index, family support, diagnosis, comorbidity, oropharyngeal dysphagia (EAT-10 and volume-viscosity evaluation method), malnutrition (Mininutritional Assessment) and functional capacity (Barthel index). RESULTS: A total of 167 patients were recruited, with 30.8% and 15.4% prevalence of dysphagia and malnutrition, respectively. Prevalence of malnutrition increased to 75% in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. The logistic regression analysis showed how conditions as low score on the Barthel index (OR 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95-0.99]), comorbidity (OR 7.98 [CI 95%, 3.09-20.61]) and dysphagia (OR 4.07 [CI 95%, 1.57-10.52]) were associated with a greater likelihood of suffering malnutrition. DISCUSSION: Oropharyngeal dysphagia is one of the most underdiagnosed and underestimated conditions among elderly patients and one that has a greater effect on their nutritional status. Accordingly, we suggest using established diagnostic methods with a multidisciplinary team collaboration for its early detection.

Avaliação e manejo de casos de disfagia

É sabido que o processo de deglutição do alimento se inicia na boca, onde será mastigado e triturado, para depois ser engolido. Nesta etapa há a formação do bolo alimentar e em seguida a descida pela faringe. É nesse momento que pode haver uma anormalidade, conhecida como disfagia, que é a dificuldade que interfere o transporte do alimento da boca ao estômago. Essa dificuldade na deglutição, que pode ser tanto com alimentos líquidos quanto sólidos, é bastante comum em pacientes acamados, que necessitam de cuidados domiciliares. Uma vez que há muitas pessoas com essa debilitação, torna-se fundamental para o profissional de saúde o estudo aprofundado dessa intercorrência, com foco na aplicabilidade. Portanto, aborda-se neste recurso temas como: avaliação e manejo no domicílio, classificação da disfagia (que pode ser orofaríngea ou esofagiana), as principais causas, sinais e sintomas, como diagnosticar por meio de entrevista clínica (anamnese), de exames físico e complementares, o correto manejo da sonda enteral e dos dispositivos auxiliares pelos pacientes e por seus familiares. E ainda auxilia na identificação de casos mais graves, em que o paciente deve ser referenciado a um cirurgião, com a intenção de realizar gastrostomia ou jejunostomia